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Data Structures. Think of data structures as different types of containers, each designed to hold and organize data in specific ways. Just as you wouldn’t store soup in a colander or carry groceries in...

Part 1: What is a Vector? A vector is a basic data structure in R that contains elements of the same type. The most important characteristic of a vector is that all elements must be the same...

Part 1: What is a List? A list is a vector that can contain elements of different types and different lengths. Each element of a list can be any R object – vectors, matrices, data frames,...

Part 1: What is a Matrix? A matrix is a two-dimensional rectangular data structure where all elements must be of the same type (all numbers, all characters, all logical values, etc.). It has rows and columns,...

Part 1: What is an Array? An array is a multi-dimensional data structure where all elements must be of the same type (like matrices). It’s essentially a generalization of matrices to any number of dimensions. Key...

R: Data Frames. If you’ve been following our lessons step by step, you already know: vectors (lists of same-type values) logical values strings numbers how to combine strings, do math, use if-else… Now data...

R Factors — one of the most confusing but extremely useful concepts in R, especially when you start doing real data analysis. Many beginners hate factors at first (they cause strange surprises), but once...

R Graphics — one of the most exciting (and sometimes frustrating) parts of R. R has always been famous for its graphics capabilities — people choose R over other tools precisely because it can...

R Plotting — probably the single most enjoyable (and addictive) part of learning R. Many people fall in love with R exactly because of how beautiful and flexible the plots can be. You can...

R Line plots — that is, how to draw lines in plots. In R there are two main ways to create line plots: Base R → very fast, built-in, good for quick checks ggplot2...